Essay --

Is DNA a cause of Depression? An overwhelming amount of the population suffers from countless disorders and diseases, a decent majority involving mentally specific illnesses. Amongst society, depression is a very common mental illness found in individuals of ranging in all ages from all sorts of ethnicities and backgrounds. For the longest time, specialized scientists and psychologists have conducted numerous studies on depression. These studies include causes and treatments; one of the main studies concentrated on the idea of whether depression derives from our DNA. Conclusive studies have shown that DNA is one of the main causes of depression. DNA is not only a cause of depression; it also plays a critical role in treating it. Even so, some sociologists would disagree and state that depression is only developed over time by traumatic events that occur in a person’s life. Depression is a mood disorder that can occur once in a person’s lifetime or it can be something that happens quite often. Many people are unaware that depression is quite common among his or her peers and his or her family members. Most of the people who suffer from depression do not seek professional help, due to a lack of knowledge of depression or embarrassment of the condition. Depression cannot only affect a person’s mental health, but it can also affect their physical health as well. When left untreated, depression can last up to month’s sometimes-even years (Tamag 2005). Depression does not have only one cause. There are other variables that cause depression. These variables include unbalanced chemicals in the brain, unbalanced hormones, traumatic events such as death of a loved one, and genes that are inherited from our parents (Staff 2013). Every p... ... fraternal twins became depressed, nineteen percent of the time the other twin became depressed. These findings are considered to be higher rate of depression in comparison to the nation’s rates. ("Genetic Causes of Depression" 2013) In a final analysis, countless research studies have concluded that vulnerability to depression is inherited from our parents through DNA. Individuals can be subjected to depression through family members, such as siblings due to the case studies of the twins. Due to the fact that genetics has such an explicit influence on the specified mental disorder, research has also provided a linking connection between DNA and treatment of depression. However, despite the countless studies researchers have conducted on the matter, there are still a plethora of cases to further enhance the knowledge of the linkage between depression and genetics.

Ray Ban Brand Audit

Following this powerful flow and the popularity reached with the Aviator, during the following years they Introduced In the market new versions of the classic model (this mime for shooting sports) with the â€Å"sweat bar†, and gradient lenses. Secondly, talking about lifestyle and cool, they introduced in 1952 another classic, the â€Å"Ray-Ban Wayfarer†. This model became popular in Hollywood and has been used by a lot of actors in several films (I. E. Blues Brother), getting more and more the â€Å"image† of cool and trendy during these years.Several other models were made, but between ass and ass the company's masterpieces remained the Aviator and Wayfarer. Still nowadays when we think about the brand these are the two first models that come up in our minds. In 1999 the brand has been sold to the Italian Ululation S. P. A for $million. Today Ray-Ban Is an Icon for young and cool people. The line that connects old-school with the present: models never changed and you can still find the high-quality that characterized the company for years and years.Their slogan is now (since 2007) â€Å"Never Hide†, encouraging people to show themselves in the way they are, authentically and without being afraid about external Judgments. History timeline The target-market has been set to focus on people between 18 and 34 years old. A huge gap with a lot of strong competitors. To lead the market today Ray-Ban can position itself referring to its strong key-points: Rich historical story and enduring legacy Design and style considered as â€Å"eternal† 0 products never changed since 1937! Aviator and Wayfarer occupies a unique place in costumer's mind â€Å"Classic is Cool†.Mental map Linked with the company's positioning on the market it is interesting and very important for managers to see what people think about the brand. As said before, an easy and useful way to analyses that is to create a mental map. According to the results of t he survey we made, here our mental map: Core Brand associations Going deeper with our Brand audit, here we have the most common â€Å"famous† association people link with Ray-Ban thinking about the Hollywood World. Brand audit Nowadays, more than in the past, managers are so focused on marketing and brands.All around us there is a huge variety between products and services that are almost the same and in the majority of the cases customers are driven towards a specific product. Instead we chose another brand Just because of a good marketing campaign and because of the brand. The power of brand is so way stronger than what we actually think. According to the literature (Keller, 2013) for that reason companies are studying brand and spending lot of money in marketing. Talking about accounting, if managers have to analyses ROI (return on investment) on the first hand, on the second one now they also have ROOM (return of marketing investment).As said before brands are strictly co nnected within costumers and the market where the company is working in. But in which way managers can analyses the overall situation to understand what they have to do to be more effective and profitable? They have to focus first of all on a Brand audit. According to the literature (Chipper, 2010) and following the definition used in accounting, an audit is â€Å"a systematic inspection by an outside accounting company including analyses, tests, sec.Even (Keller 2013), we can define a Marketing Audit as â€Å"a comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of a company, regarding strategies, objectives, marketing environment problems and opportunities that can guarantee the company to come up with a plan of action able to boost company's performance†. Brand Audit is necessary to understand where companies' brand stands and what is the value perceived by costumers. When analyzing we have some steps to follow. On the first hand, Internal Factors that are her e again sub-divided into three-step procedure.From the bottom to the top we have here fixing goals and scope, then the data collection and the final step with the report and analysis on what studied. On the second hand External Factors, these are more linked with costumers and the ways on how to improve brand equity. Mixing up internal and external factors managers can understand the firm's perspective and the costumers' one (so what the company think about the brand and what actually costumers think about it when they see it). These two perspectives should match up.In the table below you can see some of the most important elements from internal and external factors. Internal Positioning Brand Values Brand promise Voice Services linked with the product External Corporate identity Advertising Social Media Sponsor/member-ships Perceived health of the brand (Mildness. Com, â€Å"Brand audit†, Rob Williams, 3110112013) According to the literature (Keller, 2013), following these t wo aspects managers can come up with two necessary elements they have to analyses: Brand Inventory: analyzing how products and services offered by the company are earned and marketed.The brand can in that way be catalogued with its defined profile. As well as you analyses your brand managers have to do the same with competitors. Profiling competitive brands is necessary to comprehend differences or common pints. Goal is to analyses costumers and reach detailed information about what they actually think regarding the brand. According to the literature (Keller, 2013), two important outcomes can help marketing managers to analyses the brand are Mental maps and Core Brand Associations.Using mental maps asking costumers â€Å"When you think about that brand what comes up? You can understand what people think about your brand and what are the main points that are associated to it. Talking about Core Brand Associations, those are all the abstract associations costumers can give to the bra nd (I. E. When you think about Nikkei you think about Tiger Woods. And if some top athletes use the brand you probably link that brand with quality and reliability). When making a brand audit, another important aspect to analyses is the brand positioning.Where and in which way we want to show the brand, the target-market we want to reach. And of course the company's hypothetical positioning has to match p with costumers' brand perception. Linked with positioning is the Brand Portfolio. Here all the sub-family brands of the company are included, specifying the target- market where they are in and which product they serve. The brand portfolio must be clear and well defined, because costumers cannot be confused when they have to choose a product from the same company.In that case centralization problems can be reached really easily. Power grid Brand attributes Before digging deeper into the Brand attributes of Ray Ban, we should be clear about the definition of Brand attributes. In gen eral the brand attributes are the responses by a consumer to a brand (De Cornerstone & McDonald, 1998). Those responses depend according to Keller (1993) on their favorable or unfavorable knowledge about the brand, which results from their level of awareness and the image they have about the brand. These two core components are the heart of any brand attributes.Brand awareness is the consumers' ability to identify the brand with a specific product category (De Cornerstone & McDonald, 1998). Brand awareness is most commonly measured trough the following ways: Brand recognition- the consumer's recognize the following brand? Brand recall- The ability of the consumer to think of the brand when only been given the product category. ‘What brand comes first to your mind when thinking of sunglasses? Brand dominance- identifies the most important brand of one product category in the consumers mind. ‘When purchasing your next pair of sunglasses, which brand would you go for?Brand knowledge- this identifies how the values that are linked with a particular brand are perceived by the consumer. ‘Do you believe that the lenses of Ray Ban sunglasses offer you a full protection of your eyes? The second core component is the brand image. There are many different definitions on this term; Kettle (Kettle , 1988)describes it† as the set of beliefs held about a particular brand† or â€Å"a set of associations, usually organized in some meaningful way' (Shaker, 1992) A brand image can be seen as a unique collection of attributes that are connected to a brand in the mind of a consumer.The image can be influenced by many different factors such as, word-of-mouth, marketing or communication campaigns, slogan, logo or the packaging of the product. All of those factors should be taken into account by the management team of a firm and ruefully chosen to avoid a misunderstanding of the consumer by any chance. In this part we want to go deeper into the brand at tributes that are connected with Ray Ban in the mind of the consumers. We did not want to use second-hand research about this topic because the sources were not very reliable, that we could find on the internet.Because of this we decided to include one question into our survey that will tell us more about the attributes. We asked the participants of the questionnaire to write down what first comes to their minds when thinking of Ray Ban. In the following we would like to show the most common answers in bullet points: Figure The â€Å"N† of 34 participants is caused by the fact that not all people that took part in the survey filled out this question. The other answers that were given in the survey can be found in the appendix of this paper.As we can see from the results, two of the most names attributes are actual products of Ray Ban, the Aviator and the Wayfarer. This can be seen as a huge advantage for the firm, because also the overall attributes named by the participants of our survey were positive. Brand portfolio Before taking a closer look at Ray Bans brand portfolio it is important to understand hat a brand portfolio is in general, what it is used for and take a look at the main advantages and disadvantages of this tool.Keller(2012) define the brand portfolio as the set of different brands that a particular firm offers for sale to buyers in a particular category. The portfolio is a part of the brand architecture, that provides general guidelines about its branding strategy and which brand elements to apply across all the different products. There are many different opinions on the number of brands that should be included in the portfolio. According to Seafarer(1994) a large ND enjoy synergies in the development and sharing of specialized brand management capabilities, such as brand equity tracking, market research and media buying.Seeker and Cravings(1990) state that it enables the firm to build greater market share by better satisfying heteroge neous customer needs. On the other hand there are authors that recommend Just the opposite; to keep the number of brands rather small to assure the manageability. A larger number of brands could be inefficient because they lower manufacturing and distribution economies (Finked, Hogan, Knudsen, & T ¶random, 1997). Overall it can be said that the size of the brand oratorio differs within the different industry. The firms should continuously analyses their portfolio and revise if necessary.The main advantage of having and using a brand portfolio is clear to see, it gives the managers a clear structured overview about the firms current brand situation and can be and useful tool when making brand regarding decision I. E. Launch of a new brand or product line extension. The only disadvantage is that a good brand portfolio can be quite time and cost consuming when first set up and regularly updated. After we now know what a Brand portfolio is let us take a closer look on the case of Ray Ban. Ray Ban offers four major products to the customers, Aviator, Schoolmaster, Jackie Ooh and the Wayfarer which then come in different designs.The Aviator line typically has dark and reflexive lenses and the characteristic very thin metal frame with a double or triple bridge. This model was the first models invented by Abash& Lomb, the inventor company of Ray Ban, and branded as a Ray Ban. (www. Arabian. Com). In 1956 Ray Ban expended their product portfolio with the Wayfarer line. The new plastic design of the glasses frame was revolutionary at that time. The wayfarers had their highest point of popularity in the asses and asses and hen slowly faded away. A big re-launch and a new marketing campaign brought them back to the surface in the asses.Since that time the sales have been constantly increasing. The third style of the ray ban is the so called Schoolmaster. It was brought on the marked in the late asses and was already a retro style at that time. It became especially very famous in the Jazz scene in these days, due to the fact that it was worn by many of the musicians. Nowadays the Schoolmaster has its largest number of followers in the hipster scene, where it is considered as a trendy-retro style. All of the three models come in designs for men, women and unisex.But there is also one model in the portfolio that is exclusively made for women, the so called Jackie Ooh. They are a bold, distinct, modernized version of the classic feminine shape that will, according to ray Ban, bring lots of real estate to the face. (www. Arabian. Com) Brand Elements According to Kevin Keller on his book strategic Brand Management† Brand elements or brand identities can be all those things that serve to identify and differentiate the brand. It can be the brand name, logo, package, etc. These things play a big role of building the brand awareness and make brand differentiation. Eye see a particular brand elements without anything else related to product, also brand elements are very important for building the brand equity. By looking on our brand Ray Ban, we can notes and analyze six different elements for it as the following: Name: The name of the brand which is Ray Ban† is one of the most important element of the brand, this name has a good impact on the customer feeling. By looking at the name we can see that the name is real and easy to say that people use these words often, also easy to remember.In addition this name meaningful that the meaning of it is to protect and prevent people eyes from sun says. Furthermore it's easy to translate this name to other languages to get the meaning of it if that's necessary some time. URL: The URL is the domain names for the brand which is located on the web. Ray ban official web domain name s www. Ray-ban. Com this domain is really clear and easy to memorize because it's linked directly to the brand name. In addition Ray ban give the ability for customer to add on the domain name the country nam e which make the website open in the country language.Logos: The logo of the brand is the virtual element which has the picture inside customer mind. For Ray Ban we can see that it has three logos with colors of red and white or black and white but in all of them we can Just see the name of the brand written in special way without have any pictures which has a benefit of shown the name of the brand everywhere that make people memorize and remember the brand all the time. Also the logo with Just name without pictures prevent the company in future if another company come an use a similar picture.Slogan: The brand slogan is a short phrase that communicates persuasive massage about the brand especially in advertising, which can play an important role of alluding the brand awareness and in marketing programs. Ray Ban has different slogan which change from time to time, in the past they used be cool† or ‘Style needs no introduction† and now they use Never hide†. Th ese different slogans have in general the same massage but in different way which is this brand make you that person who is stylish and want to show off.We can also see the power of Ray Ban Company which all the time update his slogan depending on the market and which encourage people. Jingles: Jingle is the special music for the brand which when people listened to this music it linked them with the brand. Although Jingle has a benefit of build the brand awareness and make customer remember the brand but Ray Ban doesn't have a Jingle, they use a classic music in advertising which still has the benefit of have a different kind of music to cover the different kind of customers.Packaging: Packaging is the activities of designing and producing containers or wrappers of a product. Like other elements, packaging plays a role of building the brand awareness and gives the brand a specialty. Ray Ban has one package design for sun glasses with different colors, which has the advantage of buil d one package mage inside customer mind and makes them link this design with Ray ban. At the end all of these elements work together to build the brand awareness and the brand equity by delivering the same massage with the same ton of voice.Which all these elements talk with informal way because the big group of target market is young people, also they have the massage of giving the people who has a Ray Ban Competitor analyses Key competitors In the following we would like to take a closer look at the key competitors of Ray Ban. In order to survive in a market you have to know your competitors, as good as Seibel. A key competitor can be any person or business in the same industry, or a similar industry, which offers a similar product or service.If there are one or more competitors on the market that can lead to reduce in the price of the offered goods or services. Competition also leads to the fact that the companies have to become more efficient in order to lower their costs, and s till be able to compete in the future. Going by that definition almost every brand on the sunglass market could be seen as a competitor to Ray Ban, that is why we focused on brands which can be found also thin the same price and style segment and share a similar target group. Person Person is an Italian luxury aware company that is focused on sunglasses.Formed in 1917 they have a long tradition in producing glasses. Person aware was originally created for pilots and sports driver, which gives the company a strong advantage since they were focused on high quality and durable products right from the start. Especially for Ray Ban ‘s â€Å"Wayfarer† series, Person is a strong competitor with its Vintage Celebration† series. These glasses are very similar in terms of style and quality. Dolce & Cabana Aware The firm Dolce and Cabana was founded in 1985 in Italy by Domenici Dolce Stefan Cabana.The firm started out by offering a women's line with the whole range of clothi ng products and accessories. In 1990 they presented their first male line which increased their market share dramatically. The brand stands for luxury and timeless designs and they offer styles for every occasion. They launched their first aware collection, including glasses and sunglasses, in 1992, which was a huge success right from the beginning. Their designs are modern and ever fashionable but also include classic pieces. Oakley The Oakley Inc. An American based manufacturer for sports equipment and sunglasses that was founded in 1975. Their main advantage is that they use actual athletes to test their prototypes and work together with them to assure high customer satisfaction on the actual product. Almost all of their glasses have a very athletic look and most of the styles are very pricey. Their main and advertisement is done by sponsoring international sport any kind and the United States Olympic Team. Maim Jim communication events of Maim Jim is an American based manufactur er for high- end sunglasses.That was brings them pretty close to Ray Bans products. Most of their advertisement campaigns feature oceanic and sporty themes. Maim Jim appeals to an older demographic target group and goes more towards high quality then the up. To date fashion. This brings them in terms of their very close to the Ray Bans. Positioning map sports glasses designs The following map places the different brand by two major aspects their price and their design. The price can be found on the x-axis, which goes from affordable to expensive.The main problem is to define the term â€Å"expensive†. From which point on are sunglasses expensive and when are they still affordable. For this case we used a detent point of view on the pricing. On the ordinate of the map you can find the design factor of the sunglasses, the scale goes from classic to contemporary. If taken a look at the positioning map above, it's clear to see why we have identified these brands as the key compet itors for Ray Ban. They are all going for a similar target group, and market their products in the upper end price range.The sunglasses of Person, Dolce& Cabana and Oakley are manufactured by Ululation, Just like Ray Ban. Here lays the main obstacle, in keeping these brand, that seem so related clearly separated from each other to avoid cannibalism. Rent strategy Ray Ban currently uses an effective and clever marketing strategy to reach a lot of people worldwide. They make use of the internet through viral marketing and guerilla marketing. Guerilla marketing heavily relies on imagination and energy instead of big budgets or other expensive methods.Guerilla marketing makes a big impression over traditional media and has the possibility to achieve impressive recall numbers Just by interacting with consumers on a personal level (Elevation, 1984). We think that the usage of guerilla marketing is extremely beneficial for Ray Ban since it ill enhance its brand perception, has financial be nefits and increases the interaction with potential customers as well as enables the power of worth of mouth. On the contrary, making use of this somewhat reckless strategy could also result into misconception. It can be seen as offensive and hostile.On top of that there is no real method of measuring the return on investment of guerilla marketing. For Ray Ban it is not all about the entire brand message. They communicate it mostly in printed or television advertisements. These adds are not telling how cool sunglasses are, or how extremely resilient those of ray ban are. What they do try to tell you is that owning a pair of ray bans is cool and will boost your image. Another thing that Ray Ban consistently does is their communication. This is implemented in both their offline as well as their online campaigns.By combining multiple media channels and consistently communicating one message but in different ways they make sure that description: Age: Prominently people in the age group of 22-40. Generation X and Y (the young and middle aged) Income: Family income greater than average. Education: Well educated, graduate or post graduates. Occupation: Working professionals or students. Product placement The 1983 comedy Risky Business is both the movie that launched Tom Cruiser's career and the movie that saved Ray-Sans Wayfarer sunglasses from extinction.Cruise plays Joel, a suburban high school student whose parents go out of town for the weekend, leaving him free to dance around the house in his underwear. His character wears Ray-Sans Wayfarer sunglasses, which became so popular as a result that 360,000 pairs were sold that year. This is a perfect example of how Ray Ban nowadays makes use of movies for their product placement strategy. This film was just one of the many that followed up on the success of combining sunglasses with celebrity endorsement in movies.The sudden rise in popularity of their model the â€Å"wayfarer† happened since Ray Ban and the m ovie Twilight made an agreement that their cast would wear them in the movie against an incredible price. This resulted in a massive increase of sales since a lot of people wanted to be as cool as the characters in the movie. Pricing The price strategy of ray ban can be categorized as â€Å"price skimming†. This is a concept where the firm starts with asking a high price for their product, because here is a clear demand and customers are sure to pay the price (Investigated. Mom). After a while the demand of the initial target customers will be satisfied, the firm will lower the initial asking price once this happens. This is in order to attract and persuade more people to buy the â€Å"old model†. With this they try to aim for a more price sensitive segment. The skimming strategy received its name from skimming layers of cream, as prices are lowered over time. SOOT analysts Survey The survey for this assignment was done by Google Drive and the final results were

Basics Of Buyback Programs The Financial Crisis - 878 Words

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Frederick Douglass And President Lincoln - 1524 Words

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Abolitionist literature began to appear around 1820. Abolitionist literature included newspapers, sermons, speeches and memoirs of slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass were two abolitionist writers. The y were similar in some ways and different in others (â€Å"Abolition†). Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut in 1811 as the daughter of Reverend Lyman Beecher who was active in the anti-slavery movement

The Death Of Marilyn Monroe - 1491 Words

â€Å"Marilyn Monroe dies, pills blamed†, which as you can see here is the headline for the Los Angeles Times, August 6, 1962, 2 days after Marilyn Monroe’s death and just one of many conspiracy theories surrounding her death. With the an autopsy report providing no clear indication of what happened in the early hours of August 5, it has left the door open for public debate and an outbreak of conspiracies. Although her death occurred over half a century ago, it is still relevant and there are operations still undergoing investigating what happened on that fateful night, where one of the most inspirational women of our time came to her untimely death. As stated by Alison Lynch â€Å"In death, Marilyn Monroe is every bit as fascinating as she was in life. And the mystery surrounding her final hours has led to endless speculation – was it suicide, a cover-up or murder?† Change slide To say that Marilyn Monroe’s life was hard, is an understatement. As shown in this primary source of Marilyn Monroe’s birth record she was born as Norma Jean Mortenson, and she grew up in a loveless family, missing a father and with a mother that was unable to properly look after her. After her mother was hospitalised, Marilyn lived in many foster homes, which resulted in a lack of a proper education and the love and care that is supposed to be provided by a family. She was married at the age of 16 to James Dougherty to avoid living in more foster homes and orphanages. Marilyn Monroe through her failedShow MoreRelatedDeath of Marilyn Monroe1044 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Death of Marilyn Monroe† by Edwin Morgan The poem â€Å"The Death of Marilyn Monroe† by Edwin Morgan explores the themes of isolation and loneliness throughout. The poem does this by adding in the use of imagery and tone. This poem by Morgan examines the theme of isolation by looking at the situation that Marilyn Monroe was in at the height of her fame. 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From examining further evidence, one will understand Marilyn Monroe was murdered by Bobby Kennedy to keep the secret of Monroe’s scandal with JFK. This further shows the extreme measures Bobby Kennedy went to cover up this murder that will last throughout the next 50 years. Norma Jean Mortenson, or Marilyn Monroe was born JuneRead MoreMarilyn Monroe: Impact on Popular Culture1652 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Marilyn Monroe† (1926 - 1962) Popular Culture Legend Before Hollywood loved her†¦ Probably the most celebrated of all actresses, Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jean Baker on June 1, 1926, in Los Angeles General Hospital, to Gladys Baker. 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I vividly remember Monroe s beautiful face features, painted in many frames, clothing and accessories of many of the stores where I would go. She always showed confidence with her half-opened red rose lips and her alluring looks. As I grew older, I learned that Marilyn Monroe was an actress, model and one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. Later I learned that the Hollywood celebrity Marilyn Monroe wasRead MoreEssay on Journey Into the Mind of Marilyn Monroe844 Words   |  4 PagesWatching Marilyn Monroe as she moves across the large silver screen with her signature sensual grace in the 1961 film The Misfits, it is hard to believe that by this point in her career, she had lost virtually all sway over her impulsivity. Her day to day existence had become a series of endless crises that grew more frantic and destructive. She was in a desperate and losing struggle within herself. In retrospect, the wrenching dilemmas she faced off the set gave her portrayal of Roslyn a surreal

Anarchy Essay Example For Students

Anarchy Essay Anarchism seems to be defined many ways by many different sources. Mostdictionary definitions define anarchism as the absence of government. A leadingmodern dictionary, Websters Third International Dictionary, defines anarchismbriefly but accurately as, a political theory opposed to all forms ofgovernment and governmental restraint and advocating voluntary cooperation andfree association of individuals and groups in order to satisfy theirneeds. Other dictionaries describe anarchism with similar definitions. TheBritannica-Webster dictionary defines the word anarchism as, a politicaltheory that holds all government authority to be unnecessary and undesirable andadvocates a society based on voluntary cooperation of individuals andgroups. William Godwin was the first proclaimed anarchist in history andthe first to write about anarchism. Godwin published a book called PoliticalJustice in 1793 which first introduced his ideas about anarchism, Godwin wasforgotten about, however, and after h is death Pierre Joseph Proudhon became aleading anarchist figure in the world. His book What is Property? incorporatedgreater meaning to the word anarchism; anarchism became not only a rejection ofestablished authority but a theory opposing ownership of land and property aswell. Anarchism fully blossomed as a defined theory when Russian anarchistsMikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) and Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) started to write andspeak. Bakunin had a major influence in the world and introduced anarchism tomany people. Kropotkin was one of the many people inspired by Bakunin. Kropotkinwrote many books on anarchism, including Muitual Aid, Fields Factories andWorkshops, and The Conquest of Bread, and greatly aided in the evolution of thetheory of anarchism. As the 20th century emerged anarchism began to peak and thedefinition of anarchism became concrete with the growth of new anarchist writersand movements. The execution and imprisonment of eight anarchists in Chicago in1886 sparked anarch isms growth in the United States. The HaymarketEight flourished anarchists such as Voltairine de Cleyre and Lucy Parsons. Today all but the most doctrinaire of scholars see a role for so-called soft law-precepts emanating from international bodies that conform in some sense to expectations of required behavior but that are not binding on states (the World Banks Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment, for example). Soft law principles also represent a starting point for new hard law, which attaches a penalty to noncompliance. Whether in the case of hard or soft law, new participants are making increased demands for representation in international bodies, conferences, and other legal groupings and processes. They include both recognized and unrecognized substate entities (Hong Kong and Tibet, for example); nongovernmental organizations; and corporations. Scholars accept that these other actors have independent views that do not fit neatly into traditional theories of how law is made and enforced. Most states comply with much, even most, international law. But without a mechanism to bring transgressors into line, international law is law in name only. The traditional toolbox to secure compliance with the law of nations consist of negotiations, mediation, countermeasures, or, in rare cases, recourse to supranational judicial bodies such as the International Court of Justice. For many years, these tools have been supplemented by the work of international institutions, whose reports and resolutions often help mobilize shame against violators. But today, states, NGOs, and private entities have striven for sanctions. And the UNs ad hoc criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda show that it is at least possible to devise institutions to punish individuals for human rights atrocities. Nonetheless, the success of these enforcement mechanisms depends on the willingness of states to support them. When global institutions do not work, regional bodies may offer more influence over member conduct in economics, human rights, and other areas. In addition, domestic courts increasingly provide an additional venue to enforce international law. Even with a defined international law and a world government to enforce it, cooperation in general, in international politics, is troubled. Research on international regimes moved from attempts to describe the phenomena of interdependence and international regimes to closer analysis of the conditions under which countries cooperate. How does cooperation occur among sovereign states and how do international institutions affect it? Indeed, why should international institutions exist at all in a world dominated by sovereign states? This question seemed unanswerable if institutions were seen as opposed to or above, the state but not if the y were viewed as devices to help states accomplish their objectives. The new school of thought argued that, rather than imposing themselves on states, international institutions should respond to the demand by states for cooperative ways to fulfill their own purposes. By reducing uncertainty and the costs of

Thomas Aquinas Life And Works Essays - Scholasticism,

Thomas Aquinas: Life And Works Thomas Aquinas: Life and Works Thomas Aquinas, born in 1225 in Roccasecca Italy, began his studies as early as age five. His parents enrolled him in a monastery where he would receive education in grammar, rhetoric, and logic.(McInerny, 2) His instruction was complemented with a r orous studying of the Bible. Several years later Aquinas transferred to Naples where he pursued his thirst for knowledge with the works of Aristotle.(McInerny, 2) At the university Aquinas entered a program of scripture study and oration, which genera y required 10-15 years before one was granted mastery in the field. After completing a thesis on the Sentences, written by Lombard in the 12th Century, he was granted the seal of approval from the university and allowed to give his inaugural lecture wh h is a feat of great accomplishment.(McInerny, 3) From this point Thomas Aquinas no longer spent his days as a student at the university but he did not stop studying Catholic history. When Aquinas had finished his stint in Naples he went to Rome in 126 During the next 6-7 years he studied the works of Aristotle. He wrote many commentaries, including On the Soul(McInerny, 3) At this point Thomas Aquinas begins his works on the Catholic doctrine which gave him much fame and accreditation.(McInerny, Although Aquinas was also well known for his philosophical works and studies, his works on Catholic dogma are ever-present in all his works.(McInerny, 2) ?At the time of his death in 1274 he was under a cloud in Paris and in 1227 propositions were con mned by a commission appointed by the Bishop of Paris, among them tenets of Thomas (Aquinas). This was soon lifted, he was canonized and eventually was given the title of Common Doctor of the Church. But the subtle and delicate assimilation of Aristot that characterized his work in both philosophy and theology did not survive his death, outside the Dominican Order, and has experienced ups and downs ever since.?(McInerny, 3) When Aquinas attacked the Dominican House of studies in his propositions, f their lack of logic and reasoning, he was scornfully looked upon by his contemporaries, but soon after his death his works were recognized for their insight and intellectualism which allowed for his canonization. In Aquinas's seminal work Summa Theolo ca the author asks the question ?Whether providence is suitably assigned to God(Pegis, 229-Vol 1) and provides the following answer ?It seems that providence is not becoming to God. For providence, according to Tully, is a part of prudence. But sinc according to the Philosopher, prudence gives good counsel, it cannot belong to God, Who never has any doubt for which He should take counsel. Therefore providence cannot belong to God.?(Pegis, 229-Vol 1) This article focuses on the ideological value free will and how Catholics believe that free will was given from God to human's and thus allows them to act of their own valition. Aquinas also based some of his works on the belief of the soul, and whether or not is an actual ?material body or more the metaphysical?(Kenny, 129) type of being. ?The soul, he concludes, which is the primary principle of life, is not a body, but an tuality of the body, just as heat, which is the principal of heating, is not a body, but a certain actuality of a body.?(Kenny,130) Aquinas tackles the concept of the actual tangibility of the soul, and thus states that the soul is not a being, but wit ut the soul the body wouldn't exist. ?Aquinas's accomplishment was immense; his work marks one of the few great culmination's in the history of philosophy. After Aquinas, Western philosophers could choose only between humbly following him and striking off in some altogether different di ction. In the centuries immediately following his death, the dominant tendency, even among Roman Catholic thinkers, was to adopt the second alternative. Interest in Thomist philosophy began to revive, however, toward the end of the 19th century. In the cyclical Aeterni Patris (Of the Eternal Father, 1879), Pope Leo XIII recommended that St. Thomas's philosophy be made the basis of instruction in all Roman Catholic schools. Pope Pius XII, in the encyclical Humani Generis (Of the Human Race, 1950), affi ed that the Thomist philosophy is the